Makalah Morphology

MORPHOLOGY

ADJECTIVE DERIVED FROM MEMBERS OF OTHER WORD CLASSES

Presented To Fulfill the Requirement the Task of Morphology

Guided by

Mrs. TRISNA DINILLAH HARYA, M. Pd

Arranged By Group 7^th:

                                

                                 Dwi ayu Anggraini                        14121217

                                 Muhammad Jamaludin                 14121757

                                 Puji Astuti                                       14121987

                                 Septiana                                          14122137

                                 Yulia Puspita Sari                          14122417

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

STATE ISLAMIC COLLEGE OF (STAIN) JURAI SIWO METRO

ACADEMIC YEAR 2016

PREFACE

Thank God we pray that Allah SWT has given grace and His gift to us so that we successfully completed the paper which Alhamdulillah timely entitled "Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes”.

This paper contains information about Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes. We realize that the paper is still far from perfect. Therefore, criticism and suggestions from all parties who are building, we always hope for the perfection of this paper. Finally, we thank to all those who have participated in the preparation of this paper from beginning to end. May Allah Almighty always be pleased with all our efforts. Amin

Metro,        , March 2016

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE....................................................................................................... i

PREFACE.............................................................................................................. ii

TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1

A.    Background.................................................................................................. 1

B.     The Formula Of Problems............................................................................ 2

C.     The Purpose Of Problems............................................................................ 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION................................................................................ 3

A.    Definition Of Adjective............................................................................... 3

B.     Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes............................................. 4

CHAPTER III CLOSING.................................................................................. 10

A.    Conclusion................................................................................................. 10

REFERENCES

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.      Background

In linguistics, morphology /mɔːrˈfɒlədʒi/[1] is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied contex.

In contrast, morphological typology is the classification of languages according to their use of morphemes, while lexicology is the study of those words forming a language's wordstock.

While words, along with clitics, are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, in most languages, if not all, many words can be related to other words by rules that collectively describe the grammar for that language. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related, differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", only found bound to nouns. Speakers of English, a fusional language, recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of English's rules of word formation. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; and, in similar fashion, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher. By contrast, Classical Chinese has very little morphology, using almost exclusively unbound morphemes ("free" morphemes) and depending on word order to convey meaning. (Most words in modern Standard Chinese ("Mandarin"), however, are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.

B.       Formula Of Problems

1.      What is the definition of Adjective derived from members of other word classes?

2.      What are the kinds of Adjective derived from members of other word classes?

C.      The Purpose Of The Problems

1.         To know the definition of Adjective derived from members of other word classes.

2.         To know the kinds of Adjective derived from members of other word classes.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A.  Definition of Adjective

In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives. In this paragraph, "traditional" is an adjective, and in the preceding paragraph, "main" is.

Most, but not all, languages have adjectives. Those that do not, typically use words of another part of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; an example, such a language might have a verb that means "to be big", and would use asattributive verb construction analogous to "big-being house" to express what English expresses as "big house". Even in languages that do have adjectives, one language's adjective might not be another's; for example, whereas English uses "to be hungry" (hungry being an adjective), Dutch and French use "honger hebben" and "avoir faim," respectively (literally "to have hunger", hunger being a noun).

Adjectives form an open class of words in most languages that have them; that is, it is relatively common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation. Bantu languages are well known for having only a small closed class of adjectives, however, and new adjectives are not easily derived. Igbo has an extremely limited number, just eight: mnukwu 'big', nta 'small'; ojii 'dark', ocha'light'; ohuru(ofuru) 'new', ochie 'old'; oma 'good', and ojoo 'bad'. Similarly, native Japanese adjectives (i-adjectives) are a closed class (as are native verbs), although nouns (which are open class) may be used in the genitive and there is the separate class of adjectival nouns (na-adjectives), which is also open, and functions similarly tonoun adjuncts in English.

B.  Adjective Derived from Member of Others Word Classes

Some of the processes that derived adjectives from verbs straddle the divide between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered. We have learned about the suffixes -ed, -en, -ing, and vowel change, in passive and progressive participle form of verb. However, such form (in italics can also be adjectives:

a.       A not very interesting book

b.      The party –goers sounded very drunk.

c.       The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.

The modifier very and the comparative construction (more …than) show that interesting, drunk and damaged are adjectives here, not forms of the verb lexemes ‘interest’, ‘drink’, and ‘damaged’. (notice that very  cannot modify verb, so one cannot say *that book very interested me.) as for drunk, its status belonging to a distinct lexeme here is confirmed by its special meaning (‘intoxicated through drinking alcohol’), not predictable from the meaning of the verb ‘drink’ (‘swallow liquid’).[2]

Further suffixes that commonly form adjectives from verbs, with their basic meaning are:

1.    –able’ able to be Xed’: breakable, readable, reliable, watchable

2.     –ent’,-ant’ tending to X’: repellent, expectant, conversant

3.    –ive’ tending to X’: repulsive, explosive, speculative

Expectations derived from these basic meaning can, as usual in derivation, be overridden; for example, ‘compersant’ does not mean ‘tending to converse’. We have already encountered –able, where the variant, or allomorph, -ible is also illustrated. What is striking about the –ible words is that their bases, although they have clearly identifiable verbal meanings such as ‘eat’, ‘read’, ‘touch’, are bound rather than free. Some of these bound verb roots appear in a number derived lexemes, such as the aud- root that occurs in (in) ‘audible’, ‘audition’, ‘audience’, and ‘auditory’.

Suffixes that form adjectives from noun are more no numerous. Here are some:

4.    –ful, e.g. joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful

5.    –less, e.g. joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless

6.     –al, e.g. original, normal, personal, national

7.    –ish, e.g. boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish

As will be seen, adjectives in –ful and –less ten to come in pairs, although the correspondence is not exact: we have ‘slothful’ but not ‘slotless’, and ‘penniless’ but not ‘penniful’. This confirms again that even when the meaning of a potential word may be easily guessable (a ‘slothless’ person would be hard working, and a ‘panniful’ person would be well off), the existence of the word is not guaranteed.

                                                           

1.      Adjectives Derived From Adjectives

In this category, prefixes predominate. The only suffix of note is –ish, meaning ‘somewhat X’, for the example:

1.      Greenish

2.      Smalish

3.      Remotish ‘rather remote’

By contrast, the prefixes un- meaning ‘not’ is extremely widespread: for example:

1.        Unhappy

2.        Unsure

3.        Unreliable

4.        Undiscovered

Because it is so common, most dictionaries do not attempt to list all un- adjectives. This does not mean, however, that un- can prefixed to all adjectives quite freely, we do not find, for example, ‘ungood’ with the meaning ‘bad’ (though George Orwell included that word in the Newspeak vocabulary devised for Nineteen Eighty-Four).

Another negative prefixes is in-, with allomorphs indicated by the variant spellings il-, ir-, and im- as in:

a.       Intangible

b.      Illegal

c.       Irresponsible

d.      Impossible

 It is more restricted that un-, largely for historical reasons. For the present it is worth noting the existence of pairs of more or less synonymous adjectives, one of which is negated with un- and the other with in-or one of its allomorphs:

Eatable	Uneatable
Readable	Unreadable
Lawful	Unlawful
Touchable	Untouchable

Edible	Inedible
Legible	Illegible
Legal	Illegal
Tangible	Intangible

Such examples confirm that the use of in- is lexically restricted. As the negative counterpart of edible, unedible sounds possible, especially if the speaker has limited education and has not encountered, or has momentarily forgotten, the form inedible. However, ‘ineatable’ as the counterpart of eatable is not a form that any English speaker would spontaneously use.

2.      Adjectives Derived From Noun

Suffixes that form adjectives from nouns are more numerous here are some:

Suffixes	Adjectives
-ful	Joyful, hopeful, meaningful, powerful, skillful, faithful, beautiful, successful.
-less	Joyless, hopeless, meaningless, powerless, homeless, worthless, useless.
-al	Original, personal, national, universal, regional, environmental.
-ish	Selfish, foolish, childish, sheepish, brownish, reddish.
-y	Funny, stormy, sunny, guilty, messy, wealthy, gloomy.
-ly	Friendly, orderly, manly, costly, monthly.
-ous	Dangerous, mysterious, famous, nervous, poisonous.
-ary	Momentary, customary, fragmentary, complimentary, honorary, revolutionary.
-ic	Economic, historic, athletic, basic, rhytmic, photographic, islamic, scientific, realistic.
-some	Lovesome, tiresome
-en	Wooden, woolen, golden

3.    Adjectives Derived From Verbs

The most productive suffixes for deriving adjectives from verbs are -able (in Catalan, -able and -ible); -ive (in Catalan, -iu, -iva), and -ant and -ent (in Catalan, -ant, -ent and -int).

Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -able

Verb	Verb + able (adjective)
Adapt	Adaptable
Admire	Admirable
Adore	Adorable
Advise	Advisable
Agree	Agreeable
Avail	Available
Bear	Bearable
Break	Breakable
Count	Countable
Cure	Curable

Some adjectives derived from verbs ending in silent e can also be spelled including the e (for example, like →likable or likeable); however, the spelling without the e is more common. Also, there are some adjectives that spell the suffix -ible: eat → edible and fail → fallible.Verbs: -able

Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ive

Verb	Verb + ive (Adjective)
Abort	Abortive
Abuse	Abusive
Act	Active
Adapt	Adaptive
Adopt	Adoptive
Assert	Assertive
Capture	Captive
Corrode	Corrosive
Create	Creative

Note that adjectives derived from verbs ending in -d or -de are usually spelled with a –sive ending (expend → expensive, exclude→ exclusive, etc.).

Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ant

Verb	Verb + ant (Adjective)
Abound	Abundant
Accept	Acceptant
Ascend	Ascendant
Descend	Descendant
Deviate	Deviant
Disinfect	Disinfectant
Dominate	Dominant
Expect	Expectant
Exult	Exultant
Hesitate	Hesitant

Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ent

Verb	Verb + ent (Adjective)
Abhor	Abhorrent
Absorb	Absorbent
Adhere	Adherent
Cohere	Coherent
Coincide	Coincident
Compete	Competent
Confide	Confident
Consist	Consistent
Correspond	Correspondent
Depend	Dependent

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

A.    Conclusion

            Derivation is formation of a new word or inflect able stem from another word or stem. It typically occurs by the addition of an affix (prefix or suffix). Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such as usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category.

            Derivation can affect the change in the word class because in derivational process there is a way in which lexemes are related to one another through process such as affixation. Adjective can be derives from member of others word classes such as: adjective derived from adjective, adjective derived from noun, adjective derived from verb.

            Some of the processes that derived adjectives from word classes straddle the divide between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered.

            There are some adjective derived from member of member of other word classes:

1.      Adjective derived from noun

2.      Adjective derived from verb

3.      Adjective derived from adjectives

            In short, the key for identity adjective derived from members of other word classes is like from noun, verb, and adjective, adding by suffix and prefix.

REFERENCES

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Ltd: 2002

Adams, Valerie (1973), An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation, London: Longman.

Anderson, Stephen R. (1992), A-Morphous Morphology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (1992), Current Morphology, London: Routledge.

Corbin, Danielle (1987), Morphologie derivationnelle et structuration du lexique

(2 vols), Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Spencer, Andrew (1991), Morphological Theory, Oxford: Blackwel

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[1]  Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds.,English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,.

[2]   Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,  An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh, (Edinburgh University Press Ltd: 2002). p.53.