MORPHOLOGY
ADJECTIVE DERIVED FROM
MEMBERS OF OTHER WORD CLASSES
Presented
To Fulfill the Requirement the Task of Morphology
Guided
by
Mrs.
TRISNA DINILLAH HARYA, M. Pd
Arranged By Group 7th:
Dwi
ayu Anggraini 14121217
Muhammad
Jamaludin 14121757
Puji
Astuti 14121987
Septiana
14122137
Yulia
Puspita Sari 14122417
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
STATE ISLAMIC COLLEGE OF (STAIN) JURAI SIWO
METRO
ACADEMIC YEAR 2016
PREFACE
Thank God we pray that Allah SWT has given grace and His gift to us
so that we successfully completed the paper which Alhamdulillah timely entitled
"Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes”.
This paper contains information about Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes. We realize that the paper is still far from perfect. Therefore,
criticism and suggestions from all parties who are building, we
always hope for the perfection of this paper. Finally, we thank to all those
who have participated in the preparation of this paper from beginning to end.
May Allah Almighty always be pleased with all our efforts. Amin
Metro, , March 2016
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE....................................................................................................... i
PREFACE.............................................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
A. Background.................................................................................................. 1
B. The Formula Of Problems............................................................................ 2
C. The Purpose Of Problems............................................................................ 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION................................................................................ 3
A. Definition Of Adjective............................................................................... 3
B. Adjective Derived From Other Word Classes............................................. 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING.................................................................................. 10
A. Conclusion................................................................................................. 10
REFERENCES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
In linguistics, morphology /mɔːrˈfɒlədʒi/[1] is the identification, analysis and
description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied contex.
In contrast, morphological typology is the classification of languages according
to their use of morphemes, while lexicology is the study of those words forming a
language's wordstock.
While words, along with clitics, are generally accepted as being
the smallest units of syntax, in most languages, if not all,
many words can be related to other words by rules that collectively describe
the grammar for that language. For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related, differentiated
only by the plurality morpheme "-s", only found bound to nouns. Speakers of English, a fusional language, recognize these relations from
their tacit knowledge of English's rules of word formation. They infer
intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; and, in similar fashion, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher. By contrast, Classical Chinese has very little morphology, using almost exclusively
unbound morphemes ("free" morphemes) and depending on word order to convey meaning. (Most words in modern Standard Chinese ("Mandarin"), however, are compounds and most roots are bound.) These are understood
as grammars that represent the morphology of the language. In this way,
morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation
within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the
knowledge of the speakers of those languages.
B.
Formula Of
Problems
1.
What is the definition of Adjective derived from
members of other word classes?
2.
What are the kinds of Adjective derived from members
of other word classes?
C. The Purpose
Of The Problems
1.
To know the definition of Adjective derived from
members of other word classes.
2.
To know the kinds of Adjective derived from members of
other word classes.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Adjectives are one of
the traditional eight English parts of
speech, although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives. In this paragraph,
"traditional" is an adjective, and in the preceding paragraph,
"main" is.
Most, but not all, languages have adjectives. Those that do not, typically use words of another
part of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; an example, such a language might have a verb that means
"to be big", and would use asattributive
verb construction
analogous to "big-being house" to express what English expresses as
"big house". Even in languages that do have adjectives, one
language's adjective might not be another's; for example, whereas English uses
"to be hungry" (hungry being an adjective), Dutch and French
use "honger hebben" and "avoir faim,"
respectively (literally "to have hunger", hunger being
a noun).
Adjectives form an open class of words in most languages that have them; that is, it is relatively
common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation. Bantu
languages are well known
for having only a small closed class of adjectives, however, and new adjectives
are not easily derived. Igbo has an extremely limited number, just eight: mnukwu 'big', nta 'small'; ojii 'dark', ocha'light'; ohuru(ofuru) 'new', ochie 'old'; oma 'good',
and ojoo 'bad'. Similarly, native Japanese adjectives (i-adjectives) are a closed class (as are native verbs),
although nouns (which are open class) may be used in the genitive and there is the separate class of adjectival nouns (na-adjectives), which is also open, and functions similarly
tonoun adjuncts in English.
B. Adjective Derived from
Member of Others Word Classes
Some of the processes that derived adjectives from verbs straddle the
divide between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet
encountered. We have learned about the suffixes -ed, -en, -ing, and vowel
change, in passive and progressive participle form of verb. However, such form
(in italics can also be adjectives:
a.
A not very interesting book
b.
The party –goers sounded very drunk.
c.
The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.
The modifier very and the comparative construction (more
…than) show that interesting, drunk and damaged are
adjectives here, not forms of the verb lexemes ‘interest’, ‘drink’, and ‘damaged’. (notice that very cannot
modify verb, so one cannot say *that book very interested me.) as for
drunk, its status belonging to a distinct lexeme here is confirmed by its
special meaning (‘intoxicated through drinking alcohol’), not predictable from
the meaning of the verb ‘drink’
(‘swallow liquid’).[2]
Further suffixes that commonly form adjectives from verbs, with their basic
meaning are:
1. –able’ able to be Xed’: breakable,
readable, reliable, watchable
2. –ent’,-ant’ tending to X’: repellent, expectant, conversant
3. –ive’ tending to X’: repulsive, explosive, speculative
Expectations derived from these basic meaning can, as usual in derivation,
be overridden; for example, ‘compersant’
does not mean ‘tending to converse’. We have already encountered –able, where the variant, or
allomorph, -ible is
also illustrated. What is striking about the –ible words is that their bases, although they have clearly identifiable
verbal meanings such as ‘eat’, ‘read’, ‘touch’, are bound rather than free.
Some of these bound verb roots appear in a number derived lexemes, such as
the aud- root
that occurs in (in) ‘audible’, ‘audition’, ‘audience’, and ‘auditory’.
Suffixes that form adjectives from noun are more no numerous. Here are
some:
4. –ful, e.g. joyful, hopeful, helpful, meaningful
5. –less, e.g. joyless, hopeless, helpless, meaningless
6. –al, e.g. original, normal, personal,
national
7. –ish, e.g. boyish, loutish, waspish, selfish
As will be seen, adjectives in –ful and
–less ten to come in
pairs, although the correspondence is not exact: we have ‘slothful’ but not ‘slotless’,
and ‘penniless’ but not ‘penniful’. This confirms again that even when the
meaning of a potential word may be easily guessable (a ‘slothless’ person would
be hard working, and a ‘panniful’ person would be well off), the existence of
the word is not guaranteed.
1. Adjectives Derived From
Adjectives
In this category,
prefixes predominate. The only suffix of note is –ish, meaning ‘somewhat X’,
for the example:
1.
Greenish
2.
Smalish
3.
Remotish ‘rather remote’
By contrast, the prefixes un- meaning ‘not’ is
extremely widespread: for example:
1.
Unhappy
2.
Unsure
3.
Unreliable
4.
Undiscovered
Because it is so common, most dictionaries do not attempt to list all un- adjectives. This does not
mean, however, that un- can
prefixed to all adjectives quite freely, we do not find, for example, ‘ungood’
with the meaning ‘bad’ (though George Orwell included that word in the Newspeak
vocabulary devised for Nineteen Eighty-Four).
Another negative prefixes is in-, with allomorphs indicated by the variant spellings il-, ir-, and im- as in:
a. Intangible
b. Illegal
c. Irresponsible
d. Impossible
It is more restricted that un-, largely
for historical reasons. For the present it is worth noting the existence of
pairs of more or less synonymous adjectives, one of which is negated with un- and the other with in-or one of its allomorphs:
|
Eatable
|
Uneatable
|
|
Readable
|
Unreadable
|
|
Lawful
|
Unlawful
|
|
Touchable
|
Untouchable
|
|
Edible
|
Inedible
|
|
Legible
|
Illegible
|
|
Legal
|
Illegal
|
|
Tangible
|
Intangible
|
Such examples confirm that the use of in- is lexically restricted. As the negative counterpart
of edible, unedible sounds possible, especially if the speaker has limited
education and has not encountered, or has momentarily forgotten, the form inedible. However, ‘ineatable’ as the counterpart of eatable is not a form that any English speaker would spontaneously
use.
2. Adjectives Derived From
Noun
Suffixes that form adjectives from nouns are more numerous here are some:
|
Suffixes
|
Adjectives
|
|
-ful
|
Joyful, hopeful,
meaningful, powerful, skillful, faithful, beautiful, successful.
|
|
-less
|
Joyless, hopeless,
meaningless, powerless, homeless, worthless, useless.
|
|
-al
|
Original, personal,
national, universal, regional, environmental.
|
|
-ish
|
Selfish, foolish,
childish, sheepish, brownish, reddish.
|
|
-y
|
Funny, stormy, sunny,
guilty, messy, wealthy, gloomy.
|
|
-ly
|
Friendly, orderly,
manly, costly, monthly.
|
|
-ous
|
Dangerous,
mysterious, famous, nervous, poisonous.
|
|
-ary
|
Momentary, customary,
fragmentary, complimentary, honorary, revolutionary.
|
|
-ic
|
Economic, historic,
athletic, basic, rhytmic, photographic, islamic, scientific, realistic.
|
|
-some
|
Lovesome, tiresome
|
|
-en
|
Wooden, woolen,
golden
|
3. Adjectives Derived From
Verbs
The most productive suffixes for deriving adjectives from verbs are -able
(in Catalan, -able and -ible); -ive (in Catalan, -iu, -iva),
and -ant and -ent (in Catalan, -ant, -ent and -int).
Adjectives Derived From Verbs:
-able
|
Verb
|
Verb + able (adjective)
|
|
Adapt
|
Adaptable
|
|
Admire
|
Admirable
|
|
Adore
|
Adorable
|
|
Advise
|
Advisable
|
|
Agree
|
Agreeable
|
|
Avail
|
Available
|
|
Bear
|
Bearable
|
|
Break
|
Breakable
|
|
Count
|
Countable
|
|
Cure
|
Curable
|
Some adjectives derived from verbs ending in silent e can also be spelled
including the e (for example, like →likable or likeable); however, the spelling
without the e is more common. Also, there are some adjectives that spell the suffix
-ible: eat → edible and fail → fallible.Verbs:
-able
Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ive
|
Verb
|
Verb + ive (Adjective)
|
|
Abort
|
Abortive
|
|
Abuse
|
Abusive
|
|
Act
|
Active
|
|
Adapt
|
Adaptive
|
|
Adopt
|
Adoptive
|
|
Assert
|
Assertive
|
|
Capture
|
Captive
|
|
Corrode
|
Corrosive
|
|
Create
|
Creative
|
Note that adjectives derived from verbs ending in -d or -de are usually
spelled with a –sive ending (expend → expensive, exclude→ exclusive, etc.).
Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ant
|
Verb
|
Verb + ant (Adjective)
|
|
Abound
|
Abundant
|
|
Accept
|
Acceptant
|
|
Ascend
|
Ascendant
|
|
Descend
|
Descendant
|
|
Deviate
|
Deviant
|
|
Disinfect
|
Disinfectant
|
|
Dominate
|
Dominant
|
|
Expect
|
Expectant
|
|
Exult
|
Exultant
|
|
Hesitate
|
Hesitant
|
Adjectives Derived From Verbs: -ent
|
Verb
|
Verb + ent (Adjective)
|
|
Abhor
|
Abhorrent
|
|
Absorb
|
Absorbent
|
|
Adhere
|
Adherent
|
|
Cohere
|
Coherent
|
|
Coincide
|
Coincident
|
|
Compete
|
Competent
|
|
Confide
|
Confident
|
|
Consist
|
Consistent
|
|
Correspond
|
Correspondent
|
|
Depend
|
Dependent
|
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
Derivation
is formation of a new word or inflect able stem from another word or stem. It
typically occurs by the addition of an affix (prefix or suffix). Derivational
morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix.
Such as usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and
changes them into words of another such category.
Derivation
can affect the change in the word class because in derivational process there
is a way in which lexemes are related to one another through process such as
affixation. Adjective can be derives from member of others word classes such
as: adjective derived from adjective, adjective derived from noun, adjective
derived from verb.
Some
of the processes that derived adjectives from word classes straddle the divide
between derivation and inflection in a way that we have not yet encountered.
There
are some adjective derived from member of member of other word classes:
1.
Adjective derived from noun
2.
Adjective derived from verb
3.
Adjective derived from adjectives
In short, the key for identity
adjective derived from members of other word classes is like from noun, verb,
and adjective, adding by suffix and prefix.
REFERENCES
Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An
Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Ltd: 2002
Adams, Valerie (1973), An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation, London: Longman.
Anderson, Stephen R. (1992), A-Morphous Morphology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (1992), Current Morphology, London: Routledge.
Corbin, Danielle (1987), Morphologie derivationnelle et structuration du lexique
(2 vols), Tübingen: Niemeyer.
|
|
[1] Jones,
Daniel (2003)
[1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds.,English Pronouncing
Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,.
[2] Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An
Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh, (Edinburgh
University Press Ltd: 2002). p.53.
